Theme: Marriage

Invalid/Void Hindu Marriage

Void marriages, are invalid from the beginning. These do not require annulment. Under Hindu Marriage Act, Section 11 states certain situations where the marriage is void.  The following are the situations:

  • One of the parties has a spouse living at the time of marriage. For example, if Seema was already married to Rajesh during her marriage with Rahul.
  • If the parties are within the degrees of prohibited relationship. Customs allow spouses to marry within prohibited relationships in some societies.
  • Parties are Sapindas of each other, except in cases where certain customs allow it. A sapinda relationship can be either paternal or maternal.

Marriage of Children

A child marriage is a marriage between the parties where: 

  • Both people marrying are minors, or 
  • One of them is a child/minor. 

 

For a woman, age of marriage is 18 years.  

For a man, age of marriage is 21 years.

 

Under Muslim personal law, the age of marriage is puberty (15 years of age).  So, if you are below 18 years/21 years respectively and you get married, your marriage is not illegal.  However, you can choose to cancel the marriage under the child marriage law.

Legal Hindu Marriage

For a marriage to be legally recognized as a Hindu marriage, the following conditions must be met:

  • The couple should be seen as Hindus by law.
  • The husband is over 21 and the wife over 18 years of age when the wedding took place.
  • Both husband and wife are of sound mind.
  • Neither husband nor wife can be married at the time of marrying each other.
  • Husband and wife are not in a prohibited relationship.
  • Husband and wife are not sapindas of one another.

If any of these conditions are not met, then the law may not recognize your Hindu marriage as being legal, and in some cases, you might face punishment.

Who can you complain to regarding a grievance under the law?

In case a person has given the notice to have their marriage performed by or in the presence of a Marriage Registrar, and the Registrar has refused to issue a certificate of marriage, one can approach the Court. Those residing in the towns of Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai can directly approach their respective High Courts, while those not residing there can approach the District Court.(( Section 46. Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.)) 

Complaints regarding minor marriages

The Marriage Registrar must wait for 14 days from the date of receiving the notice in order to issue a certificate of receipt of notice, when one party is a minor (below the age of 21 for Christian Marriages). However, in case one cannot wait for 14 days in order to get the certificate, they can file a petition in their respective High Court, to get the certificate of receipt of notice within 14 days of the notice. However, this option is available only to the residents of Kolkata, Mumbai, and Chennai.(( Section 43, Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.))

Who can get married under Christian Law?

Any two persons, where one or both participants are Christians, can get married under Christian law.(( Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872, Section 4.))

In the eyes of law, any person who truly believes in the Christian faith will be a Christian.(( Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872, Section 3.))

Whether or not they have been baptised into the faith need not determine their status as a Christian. Rather, the law looks at the genuineness of the person’s faith in the religion, to determine whether they are a Christian or not.(( Maha Ram v. Emperor AIR 1918 All 168, K.J.B. David v. Nilamoin Devi, AIR 1953 Ori 10.))

Minimum Age for Marriage

While the law does not prescribe a minimum age for getting married, the law provides for a special procedure for the marriage of minors. For the purposes of Christian Marriage, a minor is anyone below the age of 21, and someone who is not a widow/widower.(( Section 3, Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.))

However, the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act makes every marriage involving a child (below 18 years), illegal but voidable at the option of the child.(( Section 3(1), Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006.))

In situations where the minor is between 18 to 21 years old, they would require the consent of either their father, guardian, or mother to get married under the law.1 To know more about the special procedures of marriage of a minor, read our explainer on Marriages of Minors under Christian Law.

Prohibited Marriages under Christian Law

Certain personal laws may absolutely prohibit a person from marrying a certain person, such as marriage between siblings.(( Canon 1092, Code of Canon Law.)) The Christian Marriage law does not allow for such prohibited marriages and such marriages are considered to be invalid under this law.(( Section 88, Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.)) However, a person still has the option to marry under the Special Marriage Act, and the impediment of personal laws won’t be applicable for such a marriage. To learn more on special or inter-religious marriages, read our explainer on Inter-Religious Marriage.

  1. Sections 19 & 44, Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872. [↩]

What are the schools of Muslim law?

There are various schools of Muslim law. The law on Muslim marriages comes from the interpretation of the Quran by scholars. Thus, most Muslim marriages are guided by customs derived from interpretations followed through generations. The laws and customs that apply to each person following Islam differ based on the sect of the person. Further, different branches of customs have emerged within sects. These branches have specific laws known as “Schools of Law”.(( Mulla, D. F., Sir. (n.d.). Principles of Mahomedan Law (20th ed.) p.28.)) 

 

In India,(( Consultation Paper on Reform of Family Law, Law Commission, available at https://lawcommissionofindia.nic.in/reports/CPonReformFamilyLaw.pdf.)) parts of Muslim personal law were written down in 1937 as the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, 1937 as well as the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act,1939. These two laws in many ways have led the reforms in family laws. However, Muslim marriages are guided by the Islamic religious precepts. In Islam, there are two sects- Sunni and Shia. Each sect practices different schools of law. This means that depending on the sect, the marriage procedure differs for a bride and a groom.(( Mulla, D. F., Sir. (n.d.). Principles of Mahomedan Law (20th ed.) p.28.))

Prohibition of Child Marriage

Child marriage is an age old practice in India. To address this social issue, the law prohibits people from performing child marriages and lays down punishments for those involved in conducting the marriage. 

 

However, if a child has been married, the law does not immediately make the marriage illegal. The child so married has the option to cancel the marriage or continue the marriage.

 

According to certain personal laws (laws that govern different religions on aspects like marriage, divorce etc.), in India, marriage is allowed after the child has attained puberty. This can happen before the child has turned 18 years (in case of girls) or 21 years of age (in case of boys). On several occasions, Courts have held that such marriages conducted under personal laws would not be illegal. However, the child married under such laws would still have the option to cancel their marriage as per the child marriage law. 

 

However, in certain circumstances, some child marriages are considered to be absolutely illegal. 

Hindu Spouse

If you want to be a Hindu spouse and marry under the Hindu Marriage Act, you have to be one of the following set of persons:

  • Any person who is a Hindu by religion. This includes Veerashaiva, Lingayat or a follower of the Brahmo, Prarthana, or Arya Samaj.
  • Buddhist, Jain or Sikh by religion.
  • Any other person to which the Act applies who is not a Muslim, Christian, Parsi, or Jew by religion.

If you are governed by Hindu law or custom or usage, then you can marry under the Hindu Marriage Act.

Who can perform a Christian Marriage?

The following persons can perform a Christian Marriage under the law:

  1. Any person who has received the ordination from their church to be a priest/minister.(( Section 5(1), Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.))
  2. Any clergyman of the Church of Scotland.(( Section 5(2), Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.))
  3. Any Minister of Religion licensed under the Indian Christian Marriage law to perform marriages.(( Section 5(3), Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.))
  4. A Marriage Registrar appointed under the Indian Christian Marriage Act. The marriage has to take place by the Registrar or in their presence.(( Section 5(4), Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.))
  5. By any person licensed under the Indian Christian Marriage Act to grant certificates of marriage.(( Section 5(5), Indian Christian Marriage Act, 1872.))

Any marriage performed by a priest, minister or any clergyman of the Church of Scotland will be performed according to the rules, rites, ceremonies, and customs of that particular denomination of church. However, the procedure for marriages will be according to the Indian Christian Marriage Act if conducted by a Minister of Religion, Marriage Registrar or by any person licensed to give certificates under this law. The procedures also differ based on the person performing the marriage. Read more on the procedures here.

Is Muslim marriage a contract?

Marriage is a contract under Muslim law.(( Hasina Bano v. Alam Noor A.I.R 2007 Raj 49.)) The contract can be entered into by fulfilling the following conditions:

  • Both the bride and groom must give free consent for the marriage.
  • The couple getting married should be of sound mind and should have attained puberty (usually 15 years).(( Shoukat Hussian and another v. State of Punjab and others [CRWP No.733 of 2021 (O&M)].)) 
  • A guardian like a parent or sibling can consent on behalf of a minor or someone not of sound mind.